Hallmarks of aging
The hallmarks of aging is a framework published in 2013 by Carlos López-Otín, Maria Blasco, Linda Partridge, Manuel Serrano, and Guido Kroemer that groups the cellular and molecular processes accompanying aging into a short list of named features. The original paper listed nine hallmarks and sorted them into three tiers: primary causes of damage, responses that turn harmful when sustained, and downstream consequences. A 2023 update expanded the list to twelve. The framework functions as an organizing map for aging research and as a checklist for interventions that might affect several age-related diseases at once.12
The original nine
The 2013 paper assigned
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